Lichtenstein reportedly bragged that he had procured them for 150 friends and associates, charging $18,000 a pop and paying a third of that to his police connections. According to prosecutors, the scheme had enabled a man with a prior criminal history that included four domestic violence complaints and  “a threat against someone’s life” to obtain a gun.

In the criminal complaint, filed in Manhattan federal court, Lichtenstein was identified as a member of Borough Park’s private, all male, unarmed volunteer security patrol, known as the Shomrim (Hebrew for “guards” or “watchers”).

The complaint did not identify any of Lichtenstein’s alleged customers, however, but sources knowledgeable about the Shomrim are skeptical that he was obtaining permits on behalf of, or for, the Shomrim as an organization. Instead, they argue, it is more plausible that Lichtenstein was operating as a freelancer—albeit one who likely exploited police connections nurtured during his time as a member of the group.

After all, it is not exactly a secret that the Shomrim—along with others from the ultra-Orthodox community who serve as unpaid liaisons to various city and state law enforcement agencies–maintain close relations with members of the NYPD, and particularly those who serve in their local precincts.

For example, news sites and Twitter accounts that play to an ultra-Orthodox audience are littered with pictures of Shomrim hobnobbing with high-ranking police officers at pre-holiday “briefings,” honoring them with “appreciation” awards at community breakfasts or charity dinners, and even engaging in friendly competition at an annual summer softball game.

But Lichtenstein aside, it would be a mistake to conclude that for the Shomrim at least these relationships are motivated by the prospect of personal financial gain or status concerns, even though there’s no doubt that having an “in” with the cops can boost one’s standing in the community. Instead, access and influence are the means of achieving a more important communal goal: the freedom to operate as the de facto police force of their communities, but with backup from the cops in the most dangerous situations.

In some sense, it is almost as if the Shomrim view the NYPD as their auxiliary police.

The first of these Brooklyn patrol groups were formed in the 1970s in the Hasidic neighborhoods of Crown Heights and Williamsburg in response to rising neighborhood crime and the belief that the police were not up the task of keeping Jews safe. (The journalist and author Matthew Shaer traces the roots of the Crown Heights patrol to a Hasidic rabbi and teacher named Samuel Schrage, who in 1964 founded a group called the Crown Heights Maccabees following the alleged assault of Hasidic students by a group of black youth and the attempted rape of a rabbi’s wife by a black man.)

Today, Shomrim (and in some cases, rival groups known as Shmira) exist in every ultra-Orthodox neighborhood in Brooklyn (and in other ultra-Orthodox communities in the U.S. and abroad). The groups operate independently  and, while their leaders are fond of characterizing them as the “eyes and ears” of their communities, responding to hotline calls about everything from vandalism, missing persons and attempted robbery to domestic violence and even sexual abuse, they do much more than watch and listen. In Brooklyn, they are equipped with SUVs and cruisers tricked out with “police package” flashing lights, sophisticated two-way radio dispatch systems, bulletproof vests and outfits emblazoned with shields that look an awful lot like NYPD ones—all paid for by donations and, in some cases, government largesse funneled to them by members of the City Council. 

While they lack the authority to make arrests, even with those similar shields, the Shomrim often do things like search, chase, apprehend, and detain.

Indeed, as the head of the Borough Park Shomrim explained to the Village Voice’s Nick Pinto in 2011, people in the community call Shomrim because “they want to see action right away, not get caught up in a lot of questions and answers...Not that that isn’t the right way for the police to do it—who am I to say they shouldn’t ask a lot of questions?”

But people also call Shomrim—as opposed to 911—because, after all, cops are outsiders. And outsiders cannot always be counted on to be sensitive to the specific concerns of the religious community, concerns that include the desire/obligation to protect other Jews from the long arm of the law.  And so, while the Shomrim are not averse—and sometimes quite eager—to help cops nab a suspect who is not one of their own, they can be much less forthcoming when a fellow Jew is the suspect.

For example, back in 2011, the coordinator of the Borough Park Shomrim let it slip to the press that his organization maintained a list of suspected ultra-Orthodox child molesters they don’t report to the police because “the rabbis don’t let you.” While there are respected Orthodox rabbis who say the police should be called in cases of suspected abuse, their rulings are not being followed in many quarters of ultra-Orthodox Brooklyn, where this attitude has long stymied law enforcement efforts.

Those comments came in the wake of the murder and dismemberment of an 8-year-old Hasidic child, Leiby Kletzky, who had been abducted by his killer, a member of the religious communty, while walking home from school. When the boy failed to meet his mother at the appointed time, she contacted the Shomrim, who swung into action and mobilized a search; their first contact with police came over two hours later.

At the time, many in the community justified the delay by arguing that the cops would not have taken the missing-person case seriously until more time had elapsed (a claim the NYPD disputed, noting cases involving missing children are acted on immediately). Some members of the Hasidic community also acknowledged privately that another possible reason for the wait to involve police: The fear, reasonable or not, that even had the child been found safe, Child Protective Services might have opened an investigation into why the parents allowed their son to leave school unsupervised.  

This instinct toward protecting members of the community—and the community as a whole—is a theme that emerges in stories ultra-Orthodox sources tell about instances where the Shomrim have allegedly discouraged victims of violence or abuse at the hands of fellow Jews from reporting those crimes directly to the police, or even urged Jewish business and homeowners to withhold security footage that might implicate a Jew in a crime.

Indeed, in the wake of Leiby Kletzky’s murder a Jewish organization was given a million-dollar government grant arranged by state legislators to operate a network of security cameras on city lampposts in the ultra-Orthodox neighborhoods of Borough Park and Midwood. The organization hired a private firm to operate the network and made the decision, together with Assemblyman Dov Hikind, as to where to install the cameras. Initial reports indicating that the NYPD would have access to the footage only after making a request to the private firm caused a firestorm of protest from civil libertarians and those alarmed by government funding of private security initiatives. Ultimately, when the program was unveiled, the company’s founder said that “the local Shomrim patrol organization would have no access to the cameras but that in any event of an ongoing crime, local law enforcement authorities will be given on-time access to a live feed of the cameras.”

There are also allegations circulating on blogs and in chatrooms about Shomrim members and leaders who abuse their power within these communities, taking protection money from business and using their ties to the cops to get their rivals picked up on bogus charges.

Shomrim leaders have repeatedly denied these kinds of allegations and because the people who recount such stories refuse to be publicly identified, citing fears of reprisal, their claims are impossible to fully investigate and verify.

The cops, too, are well aware of the power the Shomrim yield—power that’s also expressed in the cash the groups receive from city politicians—but, like the members of the religious community, are also reluctant to express their frustrations publicly.

A rare exception was when then-Police Commissioner Ray Kelly acknowledged at a press conference that the delay in notifying the police about Leiby Kletzky was a “longstanding issue with Shomrim” and that traditionally, “certain members of the community have confidence in Shomrim and go to them first.” But Kelly also added that the delay had apparently not hampered the investigation and praised the Shomrim as “a positive force.”

One possible reason cops might not want to publicly criticize the Shomrim is the fact, some say, that over the years the bigwigs in the ultra-Orthodox community have been helpful to them, particularly in aiding friendly officers secure discretionary promotions.

Veteran cops reporter Leonard Levitt last month offered this short, sharp item:

“Ethics Training? Following the transfers of four of the department's top brass, Bratton announced the department was conducting ethics training for its top officers. Maybe they should start with a warning about the dangers of getting too close to the powerful and insular Hasidic community. Instructors might include Chief Joe Fox, former Chief of Department Joe Esposito and retired Chief Mike Scagnelli.”

That comports with the speculation of one retired NYPD official: “the simple way to connect dots is that guys like [former Chief of Department] Joe Esposito and [former NYPD Traffic Chief] Mike Scagnelli were, at one time, commanders in the 66th precinct. With such longstanding roots in the community, these uniformed guys and the machers stayed close as they rose up the ranks. With [Esposito] as the longest serving chief of the department, the [Hasidim] were in a wonderful position for over 12 years to exercise immense influence over many promotions.”

The former official continued, “(Chief of Transit) Joe Fox himself was a remarkable beneficiary of these discretionary promotions. Everyone loved Fox, and he was the longest serving Borough Commander of Brooklyn South by far. In the 1990s, he achieved three discretionary promotions in 3 years... all while the commander of the 71st precinct [which includes Crown Heights]. From captain to chief in three years, it doesn't get any better than that.”

People like David Flores have a different view.

Back in 2010, four members of the Borough Park Shomrim—two bakers, a dry cleaner, and an insurance salesman, according to The New York Times—were shot by a man they were attempting to detain after a neighborhood woman told them that he had exposed himself in his car, parked near playing children.

At the time, the Shomrim claimed that they had chased down, surrounded, and tackled the man, David Flores, after he had fled his car, which they had “blocked.” They also said that they had received a call a week prior from a neighborhood woman who had spotted a man exposing himself in his car while looking at young girls, and had given the police the license plate number to police at the time.

Flores, his face beaten, and covered in his own blood, was arrested at the scene and charged with attempted murder, assault and the criminal use of a firearm; the tabloids wasted no time branding him a pervert.  

Meantime, the Shomrim were rewarded with a $2,000 gift of five bulletproof vests from then-state Sen. Eric Adams, who said he held the group “in the highest esteem” and that “we must do everything we can to protect these brave men who put themselves in harm’s way to protect us from danger.” 

About a month after the shooting, new information emerged that none too subtly tried to shift blame to the cops: An Orthodox newspaper reported that officers at the 66th had “ignored” the first complaint, failing to file a police report. The paper quoted an NYPD spokeswoman saying that an investigation into the matter had been undertaken by the head of the precinct, Deputy Inspector John Sprague [now the head of the Detective Bureau on Staten Island], and that the officers involved had been “disciplined.”

What that meant was anyone’s guess, as the NYPD declined to elaborate.  But the newspaper did report that while some members of the Shomrim “expressed anger over the omission of a report that could have led to the apprehension of a dangerous suspect,” Shomrim leader Simcha Bernath was confident that Sprague would “handle the matter properly.” (It was never made clear whether Flores actually was in fact the same man who had allegedly been spotted and reported to the police the week before his arrest.)

Councilman David Greenfield (who directed $35,000 in City Council discretionary to the rival Shmira Civilian Volunteer Patrol of Boro Park in 2011 and close to $30,000 to the Flatbush Shomrim between 2012 and 2016) also praised the police response and was reportedly reassured by Sprague when he presented him with an award for “dedicated service and leadership” at a Jewish holiday celebration and Sprague noted that “a failure to file a report was unacceptable and he would take decisive action if such was determined.”

Current New York City Mayor de Blasio, who from 2002 through 2009 represented the district that includes Borough Park in the City Council and at the time was Public Advocate, said through a spokesman that “We don’t have a comment on the story at this time.” Councilman Brad Lander (who would allocate $7,500 to the Shmira group in 2012) also declined to comment.

Assemblyman Dov Hikind took a slightly more critical stance. Praising Sprague and the NYPD in general, he nonetheless noted that there have been “several instances where constituents have asked for my intervention in getting a report filed or an officer to take a complaint.”

Of course, all of this focus on the alleged failure of the cops to file a report served to divert attention from the actions of the Shomrim that day and the story they told, which formed the basis of the state’s case against Flores, who languished in jail for over three years until his case came to trial. At the trial, prosecutors alleged that, believing him to be the same man who had exposed himself earlier, the Shomrim began following Flores and it was only after he pulled a gun that they jumped him. Trouble was, the evidence suggested otherwise.

As it turned out, an eyewitness who viewed the incident from her apartment window had called 911 to report that a “bunch of Jews” were “jumping this one random guy…kicking him. There are Jewish people all around. They were shooting something…They grabbed him from out of his car. They pulled him out of his car. “ She went on to say that that they “were trying to hit the window, like break it.”

Flores’s lawyer argued that the shooting was an act of self-defense against an unprovoked gang assault. It wasn’t the first time members of these patrols were accused of engaging in vigilantism—and it wouldn’t be the last.

In 2008, a 20-year old black man named Andrew Charles was assaulted by a member of the Crown Heights civilian patrol named Yitzcak Shuchat. Shuchat and another patrol member had responded to a call about some black men throwing rocks which ended with Charles, the son of a police officer, in the hospital. Shuchat fled to Israel to avoid charges of assault as a hate crime but was extradited six years later and sentenced to one day in jail and 25 days of community service.

And then there’s TaJ Patterson, a 22-year-old black, openly gay man studying to be a fashion designer, who was walking home through the Hasidic section of Williamsburg after a night out when he was set upon by a group of men. He ended up in the hospital with serious injuries, including a broken eye socket and a torn retina.

Patterson’s memory of the event was fuzzy and, according to one of his attorneys, Amy Robinson, it wasn’t until after his mother canvassed three different police precincts that she learned a police report had been filed at the 90th, taken the night of the attack. She also learned that the case, labeled a misdemeanor, had been marked “closed.”
 

As it turned out, a city bus driver had witnessed the brutal beating from her bus, which she pulled over and stopped so she could intervene. She also called the police, who arrived at the scene and took a report from her and three of her passengers.

And while the bus driver would tell the Daily News over a week later that she got “out of the bus and all these men were standing up straight around him…Taj is laying down on his back. I went up to him and he was in so much pain. He says, ‘I can’t see . . . I can’t,” these details did not appear in the police report.

In fact, the report noted only that Patterson, who was described as “highly intoxicated,” had been punched and kicked by an “unknown perp.”

Only after Patterson’s family went to the media with the story were five men the Brooklyn DA identified as associated with the Williamsburg Shomrim arrested for the beating, which left Patterson blind in one eye. The suspects, who’d all reportedly left for Israel after the attack, were finally found there after Patterson’s mom went public; they were charged in Brooklyn with gang assault. Since then, however, charges against two of the men have been dropped. The next court date for the remaining three is this week.

“For over three decades the Williamsburg Shomrim Safety Patrol has acted as the eyes and ears of the community. Its members are dedicated community servants who take responsibility for protecting our neighborhood, not endangering it,” the group said in a statement when the five were first charged. “Reports that all five of the defendants indicted today are members of our organization are not true, and the acts alleged in these indictments are contrary to our mission and our membership.”

While Shomrim supporters say that only two of the five (both of whom are still charged) were full-fledged members of the Shomrim, Patterson’s ongoing civil suit against the men and group names all five as members.

This month, the Daily News reported that the cop who filed the initial report on Patterson’s assault and quickly closed the file on it, before any arrests were made, had been transferred out of the 90th precinct and docked 10 vacation days (it appears his two supervisors, who signed off his report, were left unscathed). The paper also reported that one of the men charged in the attack subsequently received a special tour of an Upper East Side police precinct.

Four days before the attack on Patterson, the jury in the Flores case rendered its decision, acquitting him of everything but an illegal weapon charge. One juror who spoke to the Daily News after the verdict noted that the police reports didn’t match up with the eyewitness testimony—adding that the discrepancies “left reasonable doubts in the jurors’ minds about the public lewdness charge, as well.”

Flores was sentenced to 12 years in prison on the gun charge. Before the judge sentenced him, Flores read a two-page statement to the court, detailing the treatment he had received in jail as an accused pervert.

“Both correction officers and hordes of gang members subjected me to untold gang assault, leaving me in absolute agony,” he said. “I was returned to punitive segregation and starved for months because my meals almost always contained human feces and urine.”

Before he was taken away, Flores reportedly asked the judge, “What is the penalty for a hate crime? These people were beating me,” he added, pointing to the Shomrim members in the court.

Nothing, apparently.